Scaling Up HIV Self-Testing in Africa: Insights From National Programmatic Data in Eight Countries

Joseph LARMARANGE — 2026-04-29T18:06:11Z

Scaling Up HIV Self‐Testing in Africa: Insights From National Programmatic Data in Eight Countries

Adrien Allorant , Anne Bekelynck , Aliza Monroe-Wise , Carlota Baptista da Silva , Thato Chidarikire , Olanrewaju Edun , Leonid Joaquim , Christine Kisia , Joseph Larmarange , Johnson John Lyimo , Juma Mcollogi James , Christine Musanhu , Getrude Ncube , Isabel Sathane , Arlette Simo-Fotso , Geoffrey Taasi , Cheryl Johnson

Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2026, 29 (5), ⟨10.1002/jia2.70120⟩

Article dans une revue

hal-05607277

Authors

Adrien Allorant, Anne Bekelynck, Aliza Monroe-Wise, Carlota Baptista da Silva, Thato Chidarikire, Olanrewaju Edun, Leonid Joaquim, Christine Kisia, Joseph Larmarange, Johnson John Lyimo, Juma McOllogi James, Christine Musanhu, Getrude Ncube, Isabel Sathane, Arlette Simo-Fotso, Geoffrey Taasi, Cheryl Case Johnson

Abstract

Introduction

Evidence from routine, national programme data on HIV self-testing (HIVST) scale-up is limited. This study examines HIVST scale-up in eight African countries, describing how HIVST has been integrated into testing strategies and how testing coverage, test positivity, and linkage to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have evolved.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of national programme data from January 2019 to December 2023 across Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Data were disaggregated by quarter and subnational district. Indicators included HIVST kits distributed, conventional testing volumes, new HIV diagnoses and new ART initiations. We derived testing rates, testing positivity, ART linkage, and stability of HIVST distribution by district and over time.

Results

HIVST scale-up varied across countries. By the most recent quarter, HIVST accounted for 63% of total testing in Lesotho, 19%–25% in Malawi and Zimbabwe, but <15% in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa. In Malawi, Lesotho and Zimbabwe, large volumes of HIVST partially offset declines in conventional testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. HIVST remained modest (<15% of total tests) in Kenya and Tanzania. In Mozambique, both conventional testing and HIVST expanded. In South Africa, conventional testing remained high after COVID-19, while HIVST expanded slowly. Despite divergent trajectories, new HIV diagnoses and ART initiations remained stable in most settings, indicating programmes adapted to maintain case-finding even as testing volumes shifted.

Conclusions

This descriptive analysis shows HIVST has been scaled to different degrees, with its contribution to overall testing shaped by national contexts, and distribution models. Interpretation is constrained by incomplete reporting, the inability to identify kits used out of kits distributed and distinguishing first-time from repeat testers. These findings can guide optimizing HIV testing services, an essential step towards meeting global HIV targets and ending AIDS by 2030.